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Handle real-time data with Twilio Sync

Twilio Sync is a powerful tool that enables you to synchronize the state of your applications across platforms, with only milliseconds of delay. It's commonly used to establish chat services, power live dashboards for information like recent calls to a support agent, and integrates with Twilio Flex.

This guide will show how to combine Functions, Assets, and Sync into a web application that displays incoming text messages in real time. All without the need to run or maintain your own server 24/7.

Demo of the completed application rendering incoming SMS messages.

A quick overview of the architecture and tools that will be used:

Assets will host the app's static content, namely the index.html file that users will access
One Function will serve as an API endpoint for users to generate their Sync token. This will grant them access to view the messages
A second Function will be a webhook that accepts incoming messages, and pushes their contents to a Sync List
Sync stores the List of messages which will appear in the app, and sends message updates to the web app

To begin, follow the instructions below to create a Service and the first Function of this app.

Create and host a Function

In order to run any of the following examples, you will first need to create a Function into which you can paste the example code. You can create a Function using the Twilio Console or the Serverless Toolkit as explained below:

ConsoleServerless Toolkit

If you prefer a UI-driven approach, creating and deploying a Function can be done entirely using the Twilio Console and the following steps:

Log in to the Twilio Console and navigate to the Functions tab. If you need an account, you can sign up for a free Twilio account here!
Functions are contained within Services. Create a Service by clicking the Create Service button and providing a name such as test-function.
Once you've been redirected to the new Service, click the Add + button and select Add Function from the dropdown.
This will create a new Protected Function for you with the option to rename it. The name of the file will be path it is accessed from.
Copy any one of the example code snippets from this page that you want to experiment with, and paste the code into your newly created Function. You can quickly switch examples by using the dropdown menu of the code rail.
Click Save to save your Function's contents.
Click Deploy All to build and deploy the Function. After a short delay, your Function will be accessible from: https://<service-name>-<random-characters>-<optional-domain-suffix>.twil.io/<function-path>
For example: test-function-3548.twil.io/hello-world.

The Serverless Toolkit enables you with local development, project deployment, and other functionality via the Twilio CLI. To get up and running with these examples using Serverless Toolkit, follow this process:

From the CLI, run twilio serverless:init <your-service-name> --empty to bootstrap your local environment.
Navigate into your new project directory using cd <your-service-name>
In the /functions directory, create a new JavaScript file that is named respective to the purpose of the Function. For example, sms-reply.protected.js for a Protected Function intended to handle incoming SMS.
Populate the file using the code example of your choice and save. Note A Function can only export a single handler. You will want to create separate files if you want to run and/or deploy multiple examples at once.

Once your Function(s) code is written and saved, you can test it either by running it locally (and optionally tunneling requests to it via a tool like ngrok), or by deploying the Function and executing against the deployed url(s).

Run your Function in local development

Run twilio serverless:start from your CLI to start the project locally. The Function(s) in your project will be accessible from http://localhost:3000/sms-reply

If you want to test a Function as a Twilio webhook, run: twilio phone-numbers:update <your Twilio phone number> --sms-url "http://localhost:3000/sms-reply"
This will automatically generate an ngrok tunnel from Twilio to your locally running Function, so you can start sending texts to it. You can apply the same process but with the voice-url flag instead if you want to test with Twilio Voice.
If your code does not connect to Twilio Voice/Messages as a webhook, you can start your dev server and start an ngrok tunnel in the same command with the ngrok flag. For example: twilio serverless:start --ngrok=""

Deploy your Function

To deploy your Function and have access to live url(s), run twilio serverless:deploy from your CLI. This will deploy your Function(s) to Twilio under a development environment by default, where they can be accessed from:

https://<service-name>-<random-characters>-dev.twil.io/<function-path>

For example: https://incoming-sms-examples-3421-dev.twil.io/sms-reply

Your Function is now ready to be invoked by HTTP requests, set as the webhook of a Twilio phone number, invoked by a Twilio Studio Run Function Widget, and more!

Generate Sync Tokens

When a user visits the application, their browser will make a request to this Function for a Sync Access Token and the name of the Sync List the app will listen to. Name your first new Function access, and paste in the contents of the code sample below.

This code generates a Sync Token using secured Environment Variables, and returns a stringified version of the token along with the name of the Sync List used by the application.

Generate a Sync Access Token and Sync List name

1const AccessToken = Twilio.jwt.AccessToken;
2const SyncGrant = AccessToken.SyncGrant;
3
4exports.handler = (context, event, callback) => {
5  // Create a Sync Grant for a particular Sync service, or use the default one
6  const syncGrant = new SyncGrant({
7    serviceSid: context.TWILIO_SYNC_SERVICE_SID || 'default',
8  });
9
10  // Create an access token which we will sign and return to the client,
11  // containing the grant we just created
12  // Use environment variables via `context` to keep your credentials secure
13  const token = new AccessToken(
14    context.ACCOUNT_SID,
15    context.TWILIO_API_KEY,
16    context.TWILIO_API_SECRET,
17    { identity: 'example' }
18  );
19
20  token.addGrant(syncGrant);
21
22  // Return two pieces of information: the name of the sync list so it can
23  // be referenced by the client, and the JWT form of the access token
24  const response = {
25    syncListName: context.SYNC_LIST_NAME || 'serverless-sync-demo',
26    token: token.toJwt(),
27  };
28
29  return callback(null, response);
30};

(information)

Info

The examples in this app leverage Environment Variables to share common strings, such as the Service SID and Sync List name, but the samples will work if you don't define your own.

However, you must define, at a minimum, an API Key and API Secret. Your Account SID should already be in your Environmental Variables by default, regardless of whether you're building in the Console or with the Serverless Toolkit.

Append new SMS messages to a Sync List

The next important feature of this application is being able to push the contents of incoming texts to the Sync List, so they can render in real-time in the browser. To do this, create a new Function, and name it handle-sms. Type or copy the contents of the following code sample into the handle-sms Function, and save.

This Function works by leveraging the built-in Runtime.getSync method to bootstrap a Sync Client for you. It then verifies that the Sync List is available, appends the body of the incoming message (event.Body) to the list, and returns an SMS to the sender acknowledging receipt of their text.

Append new SMS messages to a Sync List

1exports.handler = async (context, event, callback) => {
2  // Make sure the necessary Sync names are defined.
3  const syncServiceSid = context.TWILIO_SYNC_SERVICE_SID || 'default';
4  const syncListName = context.SYNC_LIST_NAME || 'serverless-sync-demo';
5  // You can quickly access a Twilio Sync client via Runtime.getSync()
6  const syncClient = Runtime.getSync({ serviceName: syncServiceSid });
7  const twiml = new Twilio.twiml.MessagingResponse();
8
9  // Destructure the incoming text message and rename it to `message`
10  const { Body: message } = event;
11
12  try {
13    // Ensure that the Sync List exists before we try to add a new message to it
14    await getOrCreateResource(syncClient.lists, syncListName);
15    // Append the incoming message to the list
16    await syncClient.lists(syncListName).syncListItems.create({
17      data: {
18        message,
19      },
20    });
21    // Send a response back to the user to let them know the message was received
22    twiml.message('SMS received and added to the list! 🚀');
23    return callback(null, twiml);
24  } catch (error) {
25    // Persist the error to your logs so you can debug
26    console.error(error);
27    // Send a response back to the user to let them know something went wrong
28    twiml.message('Something went wrong with adding your message 😔');
29    return callback(null, twiml);
30  }
31};
32
33// Helper method to simplify getting a Sync resource (Document, List, or Map)
34// that handles the case where it may not exist yet.
35const getOrCreateResource = async (resource, name, options = {}) => {
36  try {
37    // Does this resource (Sync Document, List, or Map) exist already? Return it
38    return await resource(name).fetch();
39  } catch (err) {
40    // It doesn't exist, create a new one with the given name and return it
41    options.uniqueName = name;
42    return resource.create(options);
43  }
44};

Host the web client

With the necessary Functions in place, it's time to create the front-end of this web application.

ConsoleServerless Toolkit

If you're following this example in the Twilio Console:

Create a file named index.html on your computer.
Copy the following HTML example code into the new index.html file, and save the file.
Upload index.html as a public Asset. You can do so by clicking Add+, selecting Upload File and finding index.html in the upload prompt, setting the visibility as Public, and then finally clicking Upload.

HTML for the web client

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html lang="en">
3  <head>
4    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
5    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
6    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
7    <title>Runtime + Sync = 🚀!</title>
8  </head>
9  <body>
10    <main>
11      <h1>Ahoy there!</h1>
12      <p>This is an example of a simple web app hosted by Twilio Runtime.</p>
13      <p>
14        It fetches a Sync access token from a serverless Twilio Function,
15        renders any existing messages from a Sync List, and displays incoming
16        messages as you text them to your Twilio phone number.
17      </p>
18      <h2>Messages:</h2>
19      <div id="loading-message">Loading Messages...</div>
20      <ul id="messages-list" />
21    </main>
22    <footer>
23      <p>
24        Made with 💖 by your friends at
25        <a href="https://www.twilio.com">Twilio</a>
26      </p>
27    </footer>
28  </body>
29  <script
30    type="text/javascript"
31    src="//media.twiliocdn.com/sdk/js/sync/v3.0/twilio-sync.min.js"
32  ></script>
33  <script>
34    window.addEventListener('load', async () => {
35      const messagesList = document.getElementById('messages-list');
36      const loadingMessage = document.getElementById('loading-message');
37
38      try {
39        // Get the Sync access token and list name from the serverless function
40        const { syncListName, token } = await fetch('/access').then((res) =>
41          res.json()
42        );
43        const syncClient = new Twilio.Sync.Client(token);
44        // Fetch a reference to the messages Sync List
45        const syncList = await syncClient.list(syncListName);
46        // Get the most recent messages (if any) in the List
47        const existingMessageItems = await syncList.getItems({ order: 'desc' });
48        // Hide the loading message
49        loadingMessage.style.display = 'none';
50        // Render any existing messages to the page, remember to reverse the order
51        // since they're fetched in descending order in this case
52        messagesList.innerHTML = existingMessageItems.items
53          .reverse()
54          .map((item) => `<li>${item.data.message}</li>`)
55          .join('');
56        // Add an event listener to the List so that incoming messages can
57        // be displayed in real-time
58        syncList.on('itemAdded', ({ item }) => {
59          console.log('Item added:', item);
60          // Add the new message to the list by adding a new <li> element
61          // containing the incoming message's text
62          const newListItem = document.createElement('li');
63          messagesList.appendChild(newListItem).innerText = item.data.message;
64        });
65      } catch (error) {
66        console.error(error);
67        loadingMessage.innerText = 'Unable to load messages 😭';
68        loadingMessage.style.color = 'red';
69        loadingMessage.style.fontWeight = 'bold';
70      }
71    });
72  </script>
73</html>

The magic here is primarily concentrated in the ul element and accompanying JavaScript. Once the window finishes loading, the script requests the Sync List name and Access Token from the access Function. Once the script has that token, it uses that token with the twilio-sync library to create a local Sync Client. With that Sync Client, the script then gets the latest messages, injects them into the ul as more list items, and sets up an event handler that appends new messages as soon as they come in.

Deploy the Service

Now is a good time to save and deploy this Service. Save all file changes, and click Deploy All if you're working from the Twilio Console, or run twilio serverless:deploy from your project's CLI if you're following along with the Serverless Toolkit.

Once you have deployed your code, you could visit the web page, but, sadly, there will be no messages to show yet. We'll address that issue in the next section.

Connect `handle-sms` to a Twilio Phone Number

To complete this app, you will need to connect the handle-sms Function to one of your Twilio Phone Numbers as a webhook. Follow the directions below, and configure handle-sms as the webhook for incoming messages to your Twilio Phone Number of choice.

Set a Function as a webhook

In order for your Function to react to incoming SMS and/or voice calls, it must be set as a webhook for your Twilio number. There are a variety of methods to set a Function as a webhook, as detailed below:

Twilio ConsoleTwilio CLITwilio SDKs

You can use the Twilio Console UI as a straightforward way of connecting your Function as a webhook:

Log in to the Twilio Console's Phone Numbers page.
Click on the phone number you'd like to have connected to your Function.
If you want the Function to respond to incoming SMS, find the A Message Comes In option under Messaging. If you want the Function to respond to Voice, find the A Call Comes In option under Voice & Fax.
Select Function from the A Message Comes In or A Call Comes In dropdown.
Select the Service that you are using, then the Environment (this will default to ui unless you have created custom domains ), and finally Function Path of your Function from the respective dropdown menus.

Alternatively, you could select Webhook instead of Function, and directly paste in the full URL of the Function.

Click the Save button.

You can also use the Twilio CLI to assign the Function as the webhook of you phone number. You will need a few prerequisites:

Twilio CLI installed and executable from your terminal.
Either the E.164 formatted value of your Twilio phone number (+1234567890), or its SID (PNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX).
The full URL of your Function (https://test-1337.twil.io/my-test-function)

Once you have the CLI installed and the necessary information, run the following to connect the Function to respond to incoming SMS:

1twilio phone-numbers:update +1234567890 \
2  --sms-url https://test-1337.twil.io/my-test-function

If you prefer to have the Function respond to incoming calls instead, run:

1twilio phone-numbers:update +1234567890 \
2  --voice-url https://test-1337.twil.io/my-test-function

You may also use the SID of your Twilio phone number instead of the E.164 formatted phone number:

1twilio phone-numbers:update PNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX \
2  --sms-url https://test-1337.twil.io/my-test-function

You can also use any of the available Twilio SDKs to assign the Function as the webhook of you phone number. You will need a few prerequisites:

A local development environment for your language of choice and the associated Twilio SDK installed.
The SID (PNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX) of your Twilio phone number.
The full URL of your Function (https://test-1337.twil.io/my-test-function).

In JavaScript for example, you could execute the following code to assign the SMS webhook of your Twilio phone number. The same logic would apply for assigning to a voice webhook, except that the modified property instead would be voiceUrl:

1// Download the helper library from https://www.twilio.com/docs/node/install
2// Find your Account SID and Auth Token at twilio.com/console
3// and set the environment variables. See http://twil.io/secure
4const accountSid = process.env.TWILIO_ACCOUNT_SID;
5const authToken = process.env.TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN;
6const client = require('twilio')(accountSid, authToken);
7
8client
9  .incomingPhoneNumbers('PNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX')
10  .update({ smsUrl: 'https://test-1337.twil.io/my-test-function' })
11  .then((phoneNumber) => console.log(phoneNumber.smsUrl));
12

Test it out

All the pieces are now in place, so now is a great time to test out this application! Open up your app's web page by visiting its URL. This will be your service name, followed by index.html, for example:

https://sync-6475.twil.io/index.html

It should display no messages initially. However, if you send any text messages, they should pop into the messages list almost immediately. If you refresh the page, any previous messages should pop into view first, and new messages will continue adding to the end of the initial list.

Next steps

This app is functional, but its appearance is a little bare bone. It also doesn't handle the inevitable occurrence when the current user's Sync Token will expire after some time. To make this app look cleaner and more resilient to token expiration, add the following, highlighted updates to index.html.

Fully-featured web client HTML

Includes some styling and token refresh logic

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html lang="en">
3  <head>
4    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
5    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
6    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
7    <title>Runtime + Sync = 🚀!</title>
8    <style>
9      body {
10        font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI',
11          Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
12        color: #0d122b;
13        border-top: 5px solid #f22f46;
14      }
15      main {
16        max-width: 800px;
17        margin: 0 auto;
18      }
19      a {
20        color: #008cff;
21      }
22      footer {
23        margin: 0 auto;
24        max-width: 800px;
25        text-align: center;
26      }
27      footer p {
28        border-top: 1px solid rgba(148, 151, 155, 0.2);
29        padding-top: 2em;
30        margin: 0 2em;
31      }
32    </style>
33  </head>
34  <body>
35    <main>
36      <h1>Ahoy there!</h1>
37      <p>This is an example of a simple web app hosted by Twilio Runtime.</p>
38      <p>
39        It fetches a Sync access token from a serverless Twilio Function,
40        renders any existing messages from a Sync List, and displays incoming
41        messages as you text them to your Twilio phone number.
42      </p>
43      <h2>Messages:</h2>
44      <div id="loading-message">Loading Messages...</div>
45      <ul id="messages-list" />
46    </main>
47    <footer>
48      <p>
49        Made with 💖 by your friends at
50        <a href="https://www.twilio.com">Twilio</a>
51      </p>
52    </footer>
53  </body>
54  <script
55    type="text/javascript"
56    src="//media.twiliocdn.com/sdk/js/sync/v3.0/twilio-sync.min.js"
57  ></script>
58  <script>
59    window.addEventListener('load', async () => {
60      const messagesList = document.getElementById('messages-list');
61      const loadingMessage = document.getElementById('loading-message');
62
63      try {
64        // Get the Sync access token and list name from the serverless function
65        const { syncListName, token } = await fetch('/access').then((res) =>
66          res.json()
67        );
68        const syncClient = new Twilio.Sync.Client(token);
69        // Fetch a reference to the messages Sync List
70        const syncList = await syncClient.list(syncListName);
71        // Get the most recent messages (if any) in the List
72        const existingMessageItems = await syncList.getItems({ order: 'desc' });
73        // Hide the loading message
74        loadingMessage.style.display = 'none';
75        // Render any existing messages to the page, remember to reverse the order
76        // since they're fetched in descending order in this case
77        messagesList.innerHTML = existingMessageItems.items
78          .reverse()
79          .map((item) => `<li>${item.data.message}</li>`)
80          .join('');
81        // Add an event listener to the List so that incoming messages can
82        // be displayed in real-time
83        syncList.on('itemAdded', ({ item }) => {
84          console.log('Item added:', item);
85          // Add the new message to the list by adding a new <li> element
86          // containing the incoming message's text
87          const newListItem = document.createElement('li');
88          messagesList.appendChild(newListItem).innerText = item.data.message;
89        });
90
91        // Make sure to refresh the access token before it expires for an uninterrupted experience! 
92        syncClient.on('tokenAboutToExpire', async () => {
93          try {
94            // Refresh the access token and update the Sync client
95            const refreshAccess = await fetch('/access').then((res) =>
96              res.json()
97            );
98            syncClient.updateToken(refreshAccess.token);
99          } catch (error) {
100            console.error(error);
101            loadingMessage.innerText =
102              'Unable to refresh access to messages 😭, try reloading your page!';
103            loadingMessage.style.color = 'red';
104            loadingMessage.style.fontWeight = 'bold';
105          }
106        });
107      } catch (error) {
108        console.error(error);
109        loadingMessage.innerText = 'Unable to load messages 😭';
110        loadingMessage.style.color = 'red';
111        loadingMessage.style.fontWeight = 'bold';
112      }
113    });
114  </script>
115</html>

(information)

Info

If you want the ability for users to visit the app at the root URL instead of needing to specify /index.html at the end, such as just https://sync-6475.twil.io/, host index.html as a Root Asset and re-deploy!

Handle real-time data with Twilio Sync

Create and host a Function

Run your Function in local development

Deploy your Function

Generate Sync Tokens

Generate a Sync Access Token and Sync List name

Info

Append new SMS messages to a Sync List

Append new SMS messages to a Sync List

Host the web client

HTML for the web client

Deploy the Service

Connect handle-sms to a Twilio Phone Number

Set a Function as a webhook

Test it out

Next steps

Fully-featured web client HTML

Info

Connect `handle-sms` to a Twilio Phone Number